The golden rule of mechanics is that mechanical work is positive when the force is directed in the direction of motion. It is not required that the output force be smaller than the input force. This is a very important principle that applies to all kinds of motion.
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Mechanical work is positive when the force is directed in the direction of motion
Mechanical work is the amount of energy that is transferred by a force. It is a scalar quantity that depends on the direction of the force Car hoist. Generally, the work done by a force is positive if the force is directed in the direction of motion. However, it is also possible for the object to transfer a negative amount of mechanical energy.
The definition of work can be obtained from a simple kinematic equation. Work is equal to the product of the magnitudes of two vectors, which are in the same direction. For example, the product of a normal force and a displacement vector is equal to the cosine of the smallest angle between them. This formula holds true even when the object changes its direction of motion.
For example, a normal force pushes a floor upward. The distance the floor moves is perpendicular to the force. When the normal force is displaced, the object moves along a line parallel to the force.
Another example is friction. A car sliding backwards is a result of frictional force. The force is in the opposite direction of the distance the car is displaced. This means the frictional force does negative work.
In the same way, a block moving on a flat surface does not do any work. The displacement of the block is not parallel to the force, and the block is in a position that is not receptive to the normal force.
Output force does not have to be smaller than input force
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Quantum-mechanical golden rule
The quantum-mechanical golden rule describes the transition rate between two quantum mechanically defined states. It is important for charge transfer reactions. But this rule is also useful in other areas of physics.
Besides, it can be applied to quantum effects in biology, especially protein-pigment complex systems. These types of systems are more tolerant to testing these effects. However, they are still not fully understood. We will review four areas of quantum effects in biology: ionization and tunnelling, decoherence and scattering, protein motion, and energy transfer.
Ionization occurs when a particle is excited into a group of delocalized states. The ionization rate drops as the atom approaches o, because the excitation is done by a sinusoidal force. This force is derived from a classical equation, but it can be modelled in quantum mechanics.
Tunnelling is a very important quantum effect in enzymatic processes. In this case, quantum mechanics enters through HDA. A wavefunction is inserted into a time-dependent Schrodinger equation, and the probability of particle transfer is then calculated.
Decoherence and scattering can occur in a variety of processes. They may be caused by collisions of atoms, relaxation of atoms, or perturbation. All of these can lead to quantum transitions, but they can also be associated with fine-tuning of quantum effects.https://www.youtube.com/embed/xCUW58m3WAc
